Laminarin

Laminarin was used for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (Lm-ZnO NPs)

Synthesis of marine polysaccharide laminarin capped ZnO nanoparticles (Lm-ZnO NPs) : 100 ml of 2 M zinc acetate dehydrate ([Zn(CH₃COO)₂]· 2H₂O) in Distilled (DI) water and 20 ml of 10 g/L laminarin solution in DI water and 50 ml of 2 M NaOH were mixed and left stirring for 6 h. After washing the pellet several times with distilled water and ethanol, it was filtered and dried at 80 °C in an oven.

In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Lm-ZnO NPs : In vitro cytotoxicity of Lm-ZnO NPs was assessed by MTT assay using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells and human colon cancer (HT-29) cell lines. HDF and HT-29 cells (1×105 cells/mL) were incubated with DMEM with FBS (10%) and penicillin/streptomycin (1%) in 96-well plates for 24h at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Then, cells were treated with different concentrations of Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch–Lm ZnO NCmps (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL) for 24 h. Then, 20 μl of MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H tetrazolium bromide, 0.5 mg/mL] was added to each well and incubated for 4h at 37°C with 5% CO2 in the dark. The formazan, a purple crystal produced by the viable cells, was dissolved with SDS. Finally, the A570 was measured in an ELISA reader. Percentage of cell viability=OD value of experimental samples OD value of experimental controls×100

The cell viability of HDF cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner after the treatment with Lm-ZnO NPs at different concentrations. HDF cells treated with Lm-ZnO NPs exhibited 99, 96, 88, 77, 64, 34, 11 and 5% of cell viability when treated with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL, respectively.

In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of Lm-ZnONPs(Vijayakumar S,2022)

Case Study 1-Laminarin from brown alga Dictyota dichotoma and its sulfated derivative as radioprotectors and radiosensitizers in melanoma therapy

This literature explores the potential application of laminarin extracted from brown algae Dictyota dichotoma and their sulfated derivatives in the treatment of melanoma. Research has shown that these compounds exhibit significant protective and sensitive effects in radiation therapy.

Firstly, Laminarin natural polysaccharides with various biological activities, including antioxidant and immune regulatory properties. Researchers have found that laminarin and their sulfated derivatives can effectively reduce cell damage caused by radiotherapy and protect normal cells from the harmful effects of radiation. Through comparative experiments, studies have shown that under high-dose radiation conditions, these compounds can reduce the mortality rate of normal cells and improve their survival rate. Secondly, in the study of melanoma cells, sulfated derivatives of laminarin have been found to have the potential to enhance radiotherapy efficacy. This derivative can significantly enhance the sensitivity of melanoma cells to radiation, resulting in a higher cell death rate during treatment. This phenomenon provides a new idea for the combined use of radiotherapy, which may enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy by using compounds from natural sources. In addition, the study also explored the mechanism of action of these compounds and found that they may exert their radiation protection and sensitivity effects by regulating intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity, inducing cell apoptosis, and affecting DNA damage repair mechanisms.

Overall, Laminarin and their derivatives from Dictyota dichotoma have demonstrated dual functions as radiation protectants and radiosensitizers in the treatment of melanoma. This study not only provides new strategies for the treatment of melanoma, but also opens up new directions for the application of plant-based natural medicines in tumor treatment. However, future research still needs to further validate its effectiveness and safety in clinical applications, in order to provide patients with more effective and safe treatment options.

The effect of Laminarin DdL and DdLs on proliferation of JB6 Cl41 and SK-MEL-28 cells.(Malyarenko OS,2019)

Case Study 2-Laminarin promotes anti-cancer immunity by the maturation of dendritic cells

This literature investigates the mechanism of action of Laminarin in promoting anti-cancer immunity. Research has found that Laminarin can promote the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance their presentation and activation of tumor antigens, thereby enhancing the anti-cancer immune response.

Firstly, studies have shown that DCs treated with Laminarin exhibit higher levels of mature markers and co stimulatory molecule expression, indicating that Laminarin contributes to the maturation of DCs. Mature DCs can more effectively recognize and present tumor antigens, activate T cells, and trigger immune responses. Secondly, the study also found that DCs treated with Laminarin can increase the secretion of Th1 type cytokines (such as IFN-γ and IL-12) and reduce the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines (such as IL-10). This indicates that Laminarin helps promote the microenvironment of anti-inflammatory and immune stimulation, which is beneficial for the development of anti-cancer immune responses.

Overall, this study reveals the mechanism by which Laminarin promotes anti-cancer immunity by promoting the maturation of DCs and enhancing their antigen presentation and activation effects, thereby strengthening the anti-cancer immune response. This provides an important theoretical basis for developing new immunotherapy strategies, and is expected to provide new ideas and methods for the research and clinical application of tumor immunotherapy.

Laminarin-induced activation of spleen DCs in vivo.(Song K, 2017)

Laminarin is a natural polysaccharide primarily extracted from certain seaweed species, such as brown algae. It belongs to the classification of β-1,3-glucan and is an amorphous soluble fiber. Laminarin plays an important role in marine ecosystems as an energy storage substance for seaweed.

Immune regulation: Laminarin is believed to have immunomodulatory effects and can enhance the body's immunity. It can activate macrophages and natural killer cells, promote the activity of immune cells, and enhance the body's resistance to pathogens. Laminarin can balance the immune system's response, help regulate the immune system in an appropriate state, and avoid immune dysregulation caused by overactivation

Anti-inflammatory effect: Laminarin may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the production of inflammation related cytokines. Research has shown that Laminarin can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, TNF-α, etc.), while possibly increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10), thereby reducing the inflammatory response. Laminarin can alleviate symptoms of inflammation related diseases by inhibiting the occurrence and development of inflammatory reactions. It can regulate the release of inflammatory mediators and reduce tissue damage caused by inflammatory reactions.

Antioxidant effect: Laminarin has antioxidant properties that can help eliminate free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is an important factor leading to inflammatory reactions. By reducing the production of free radicals, Laminarin can alleviate cell and tissue damage, thereby lowering inflammation levels. This helps prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Probiotic function: Laminarin can act as a prebiotic, promoting the growth and reproduction of gut probiotics, maintaining the balance of gut microbiota, and aiding digestion and absorption. Laminarin, as a nutritional source of probiotics, can help maintain the balance of gut microbiota, enhance immune system function, reduce the growth of harmful bacteria, and improve digestive system health. Some studies have shown that Laminarin can reduce intestinal inflammation, improve gastrointestinal digestive function, promote nutrient absorption, and have a certain effect on preventing and alleviating intestinal diseases. Therefore, Laminarin, as a nutritional source of probiotics, has certain significance in maintaining intestinal health and promoting overall health.

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